Tag: debian
Debian named Jessie 8
Debian is named Jessie 8
Universal Linux distribution is preparing to make the final bars of 7 Debian will soon arrive on the stable branch. Debian 7 should be released officially at the beginning of 2013, but the team of Debian is already looking toward the future, it was chosen the new code name for the future Debian 8 to be named Jessie as the famous cowgirl of the animated film Toy Story 2 as well as all releases of Debian.
At the release of Debian 7 as a stable release Debian 8 Jessie from unstable development branch called “Sid” takes place in the testing branch instead of Wheezy. 8 as the release of Debian stable release is planned for 2015. As for the exact dates of release of Debian 7 there is nothing official yet, the only thing certain is that since the feature freeze must pass at least 6 months to 7 Debian can be considered stable.
Also critical bugs found in the packages should be up to 300 against 600 recorded so there is still much work to do for the team of Debian and that’s why the release of Debian 7 will take place in early 2013 and not at the end of 2012 as had been previously announced.
Resources:
1. http://imclement.com/debian-is-named-jessie-8/
2. http://ftp-master.debian.org/new/ruby-warden_1.2.1-1.html
Debian 6
Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.2.1”squeeze” official amd64 CD
Binary – 120110626-16.33
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tried in home PC acer.
Success.
Postgresql and apache functionalities in real time has to be checked yet.
In the Meanwhile came the C& D Training at Regional Power Traing institute at Kozhikode.
Some times the task will again get skipped to a fortnight.
Because the Oruma latest updations, Oruma 1.6.4 has been released on 4-01-2012 , 7 pm.
Mastering Debian 6 – One
GNU/Linux Desktop Survival Guide
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(I owe my learning to many, presently insomuch to:Graham.Williams@togaware.com-Please feel free to contribute to the book in any way, by sending corrections, comments, updates, suggestions, or even whole new chapters, to him atGraham.Williams@togaware.com.)
Welcome to the world of GNU/Linux, liberating the computing desktop from the shackles of proprietary interests.
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What’s In A Name
The phrase Microsoft Windows (and less informatively just Windows) usually refers to the whole of the popular operating systems, irrespective of which version of Microsoft Windows is being run, unless the version is important. But Microsoft Windows is just one of many windowing systems available, and indeed, Microsoft Windows came on to the screen rather later than the pioneering Apple Macintosh windowing system and the Unix windowing systems. We will simply refer to all varieties of Microsoft’s windowing systems (Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP) as MS/Windows. If the particular version is important it will be referred to as MS/Windows/XP, for example.
We use the phrase GNU/Linux to refer to the GNU environment and the GNU and other applications running in that environment on top of the Linux operating system kernel. Similarly, GNU/Hurd refers to the GNU environment and the GNU and other applications running in that environment on top of the GNU Hurd operating system kernel.
Debian is a complete distribution which includes many applications based around a particular choice of operating system kernel (usually either GNU/Linux or GNU/Hurd). Where the particular kernel is not important we will refer to whole system as Debian.
The common windowing system used in Debian is a separate, but integral, component that we will refer to as the X Window System.
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How to Download the CD Image ?
You may be wondering why you should go through a process of building a CD image yourself rather than simply downloading the appropriate images from a Debian CD image mirror somewhere. The answer has been that there are many Debian mirrors world-wide that store the complete collection of Debian packages. If these mirrors were to also store the CD images the extra space required is essentially wasted space and so many of the Debian mirrors do not keep the CD images.
There are a smaller number of Debian hosts on the Internet that do maintain CD images. These hosts are often not local and the amount of bandwidth required to download the images from these smaller number of mirrors is quite significant.
According to the Debian GNU/Linux CD Images Frequently Asked Questions page (http://cdimage.debian.org/faq.html) by using a distributed approach based on the network of Debian package mirrors the required bandwidth to the CD image mirrors is reduced by over 99%!
Nonetheless, today you may find local Debian hosts mirroring the CD images also. If that is the case then it is easier to simply download the actual images rather than building the images as described in the rest of this chapter. In Australia, for example, the primary Debian mirror also mirrors the CD images (from http://cdimage.debian.org. So for those in .au and .nz it is perhaps easiest to simply download one of the following:
$ wget http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/debian-cd/3.0_r1/i386/debian-30r1-i386-binary-1_NONUS.iso
$ wget http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/debian-cd/3.0_r1/i386/debian-30r1-i386-binary-1.iso
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Then burn the image to CD using whatever tools you have at your disposal. For release 3 there are 7 CDs. The NONUS alternative (which contains items that can not be exported directly from the US) is only relevant to the first CD.
[[[[ Mastering Debian 6 to be continued, it’s a series of learning]]]
Debian/Ubuntu Linux System Administration 1
There are times for system administrators they might have forgot their debian machine root password and they want to reset this password.We will see the available options.
There are various methods available for resetting a root password.
Boot debian linux into single-user mode
Boot using a boot disk (like knoppix,gnoppix) and edit the password file
Mount the drive on another computer and edit the password file
It is possible to boot a system and log on to the root account without knowing the root password as long as one has access to the console keyboard.
This is a procedure which requires no external boot disks and no change in BIOS boot settings. Here, “Linux” is the label for booting the Linux kernel in the default Debian install.
Solution 1
At the lilo boot screen, as soon as boot: appears (you must press a shift key at this point on some systems to prevent automatic booting and when lilo uses the framebuffer you have to press TAB to see the options you type), enter:
boot: Linux init=/bin/sh
This causes the system to boot the kernel and run /bin/sh instead of its standard init. Now you have gained root privileges and a root shell. Since / is currently mounted read-only and many disk partitions have not been mounted yet, you must do the following to have a reasonably functioning system.
# mount -n -o remount,rw /
# mount -avt nonfs,noproc,nosmbfs
# cd /etc
# vi passwd
# vi shadow
(If the second data field in /etc/passwd is “x” for every username, your system uses shadow passwords, and you must edit /etc/shadow.) To disable the root password, edit the second data field in the password file so that it is empty. Now the system can be rebooted and you can log on as root without a password. When booting into runlevel 1, Debian (at least after Potato) requires a password, which some older distributions did not.
It is a good idea to have a minimal editor in /bin/ in case /usr/ is not accessible.Also consider installing the sash package. When the system becomes unbootable, execute
boot: Linux init=/bin/sash
sash serves as an interactive substitute for sh even when /bin/sh is unusable. It’s statically linked, and includes many standard utilities as built-ins.
Solution 2
Boot from any emergency boot/root disk set. If /dev/hda3 is the original root partition, the following will let one edit the password file just as easily as the above.
# mkdir recovery
# mount /dev/hda3 recovery
# cd recovery/etc
# vi shadow
# vi passwd
Scroll down to the line containing the root user’s information, which looks something like
root:weeWRSF!sfDFs:12581:0:99999:7:::
Delete everything between the first and second colons, so that the line looks like
root::12581:0:99999:7:::
Save the file and exit your editor.Type cd to return to your home directory.
Type umount mountplace to unmount the partition.
#unmount /dev/hda3 recovery
Type reboot to reboot your system
The advantage of this approach over the previous method is one does not need to know the lilo password . But to use it one must be able to access the BIOS setup to allow the system to boot from floppy disk or CD, if that is not already set.
Solution 3
Reseting passwords by mounting on another system and editing the password file is bit more work need to be done.first you need to Shut down the machine after backing up all important data.Now remove you machine hard disk and connect this hard disk as slave drive for another machine(this should be linux OS) and boot this machine.Once the system finishes booting, mount the slave drive’s root partition and edit the password file.If /dev/hda3 is the original root partition, the following will let one edit the password file just as easily as the above.
# mkdir recovery
# mount /dev/hda3 recovery
# cd recovery/etc
# vi shadow
# vi passwd
Scroll down to the line containing the root user’s information, which looks something like
root:weeWRSF!sfDFs:12581:0:99999:7:::
Delete everything between the first and second colons, so that the line looks like
root::12581:0:99999:7:::
Save the file and exit your editor.Type cd to return to your home directory.
Type umount mountplace to unmount the partition.
#unmount /dev/hda3 recovery
Type reboot to reboot your system
If you want to prevent others from resetting your root password you can use two options first one is protect your bootloader with password i.e your GRUB or LILO boot loaders and second one is protect BIOS with password.
Debian Help X
Source:
http://wiki.debian.org/Xorg
If xorg.conf is missing for some reason, Xorg will probe your hardware on every startup. Though this works fine in most cases, some settings remain inaccessible. To create a starting point for customization, do the following:
Switch to a console as root (not a terminal emulator in X), then run:
/etc/init.d/kdm stop
/etc/init.d/gdm stop
/etc/init.d/xdm stop
cd /etc/X11/
Xorg -configure
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Alternatively, reboot the machine in single user mode, then run:
cd /etc/X11/
Xorg -configure
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Follow the on-screen instructions. This should give you something to work with.
Run X
After installation run: startx
or as root run:
invoke-rc.d gdm
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